Financial Market Meaning Types Examples What Is It

Financial Market Meaning

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A financial market becomes a medium between people or institutions requiring capital and those having the capital to invest. It means those with extra funds offer them to those who need additional finances to grow their businesses and earn more. These markets can be classified based on the nature and maturity of claims, delivery timing, and organizational structure.

Key Takeaways

The financial market is the marketplace where different financial assets such as bonds, shares, commodities, currencies, derivatives, etc., are traded.It brings together the sellers and buyers to deal in their desired financial assets at a determined price.Millions of dollars are traded daily in the capital market depending upon the economy, either through stock exchanges or OTC.Stocks, bonds, derivatives, forex, commodities, and cryptocurrency markets are some of the types of the financial market.

How Do Financial Markets Work?

A financial market is a platform where businesses and investors look forward to raising funds to grow their ventures and reap good returns on investments. In this marketplace, the buyers get appropriate sellers, and the sellers crack a good deal by having the best buyers for their financial products.

These markets are classified into different kinds based on varied parameters. However, the major classifications are based on the nature of the claim, claim maturity, delivery time, and organizational structure. For example, based on the nature and type of claim, a financial market is classified as a debt or equity market. While the former is where the exchange of bondsBondsBonds refer to the debt instruments issued by governments or corporations to acquire investors’ funds for a certain period.read more and debenturesDebenturesDebentures refer to long-term debt instruments issued by a government or corporation to meet its financial requirements. In return, investors are compensated with an interest income for being a creditor to the issuer.read more occurs between investors, the latter is where investors deal with equities.

Depending on the maturity term, there is a money marketMoney MarketThe money market is a financial market wherein short-term assets and open-ended funds are traded between institutions and traders.read more that deals with money-backed securities and short-term funds, like treasury billsTreasury BillsTreasury Bills (T-Bills) are investment vehicles that allow investors to lend money to the government.read more, commercial paperCommercial PaperCommercial Paper is a money market instrument that is used to obtain short-term funding and is often issued by investment-grade banks and corporations in the form of a promissory note.read more, and certificate of depositCertificate Of DepositA certificate of deposit (CD) is an investment instrument mostly issued by banks, requiring investors to lock in funds for a fixed term to earn high returns. CDs essentially require investors to set aside their savings and leave them untouched for a fixed period.read more (CDs). These investments mature within 12 months. Another one is the capital marketCapital MarketA capital market is a place where buyers and sellers interact and trade financial securities such as debentures, stocks, debt instruments, bonds, and derivative instruments such as futures, options, swaps, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). There are two kinds of markets: primary markets and secondary markets.read more, which builds a platform for investors interested in medium and long-term securities.

Based on the delivery timing, there is a cash market where trade occurs in real-time and a futures market where traders accomplish a trade on a future date.

The next classification is with respect to the structure of the organizations involved. These include an exchange-traded market with a centralized system with a specific operational pattern and an over the counterover the counterOver the counter (OTC) is the process of stock trading for the companies that don’t hold a place on formal exchange listings. The broker-dealer network facilitates such decentralized trading of derivatives, equity and debt instruments.read more (OTC) market that is decentralized and has customized procedures for the investors to follow

Such a market is also referred to as Wall Street, which proves to be healthy for the proper working of the capitalist economies across the globe.

Types of Financial Markets

The above classifications are relevant for different types of it. The types of Financial markets of these capital markets are mentioned below:

#1 – Stock Market

This is the hub for companies looking forward to raising their capital. First, they register their shares and issue them to interested traders via an initial public offering (IPO) in the secondary market. They list the shares or stocks on stock exchanges, including NASDAQ, New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), or OTC, a non-physical trade counter.

#2 – Bond Market

It is the marketplace, allowing investors to buy bonds from companies to finance their projects. The bonds are a promise of repayment to the companies or the government purchasing them within a specified period. The companies have to pay the principal amount and interest for a complete settlement.

#3 – Derivatives Market

The derivatives marketDerivatives MarketThe derivatives market is that financial market which facilitates hedgers, margin traders, arbitrageurs and speculators in trading the futures and options that track the performance of their underlying assets.read more deals with derivatives, which derive their value from an underlying assetUnderlying AssetUnderlying assets are the actual financial assets on which the financial derivatives rely. Thus, any change in the value of a derivative reflects the price fluctuation of its underlying asset. Such assets comprise stocks, commodities, market indices, bonds, currencies and interest rates.read more. Individuals and firms can trade in futures, options, forward contracts, and swaps here. Such trades can be entered either via over-the-counter or in exchange-traded derivatives to manage the financial riskFinancial RiskFinancial risk refers to the risk of losing funds and assets with the possibility of not being able to pay off the debt taken from creditors, banks and financial institutions. A firm may face this due to incompetent business decisions and practices, eventually leading to bankruptcy.read more.

#4 – Forex Market

The foreign exchange (Forex) market helps conduct currency trade. These markets are operated through financial institutionsFinancial InstitutionsFinancial institutions refer to those organizations which provide business services and products related to financial or monetary transactions to their clients. Some of these are banks, NBFCs, investment companies, brokerage firms, insurance companies and trust corporations. read more and are used to determine foreign exchange prices for every money.

#5 – Commodities Market

A commodity market deals with commodity marketCommodity MarketThe commodity market is a place where people buy and sell positions in commodities such as oil, gold, copper, silver, barley, wheat, and so on. Started with agricultural commodities, there are now fifty main commodity markets throughout the world, dealing with over a hundred commodities.read more, including assets like gold, oil, wheat, rice, etc. There are around 50 major commodity markets all over the world.

#6 – Cryptocurrency Market

Digital assets are trending, given the opportunities offered to investors and traders. The transactions occur and are recorded using blockchain technology. The cryptos, including BitcoinBitcoinBitcoin is a digital currency that came into existence in January 2009, speculated to be created by Satoshi Nakamato, whose true identity is yet to be authenticated. It provides lower transaction fees than the traditional online payment systems, is controlled by the decentralized authority, and is not like government-issued currencies.read more, Ethereum, etc., are available on online crypto exchanges, letting traders participate in the trade on a global platform.

The exchanges have digital wallets through which users exchange one digital currency with another, including traditional currencies. As centralized markets, these platforms are likely to face cyber issues, like hacks and frauds.

Functions

The financial markets help individuals and institutions use their savings more productively. Banks, one of the major elements of a capital marketCapital MarketA capital market is a place where buyers and sellers interact and trade financial securities such as debentures, stocks, debt instruments, bonds, and derivative instruments such as futures, options, swaps, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). There are two kinds of markets: primary markets and secondary markets.read more, help their customers utilize the money saved to open multiple savings schemes for interested investors for better returns. In addition, they enable firms and individuals to obtain loans from banking institutions to fulfill their personal and business loan requirements.

One of the major financial market functionsFinancial Market FunctionsThere are different functions that the financial markets perform, which includes price determination, price discovery of various financial instruments, fund mobilization, allowing investor opportunity, providing multiple types of information to traders, and sharing risk.read more is determining the prices of the securities available in the market. However, there is no law to set the securities prices. Instead, the capital market determines the costs depending on how an asset performs or financial market news or information surrounding it.

The traders and investors can easily acquire all the required information about the desired securities without spending anything extra. In short, the cost of transactions is pretty low. Plus, these markets make assets liquid. As a result, traders can trade in securities anytime at their convenience.

Examples

Let us consider the following financial market examples to understand how it works:

Example #1

James decides to begin a startup. Since his father already had a well-established business venture, he seems to know how to begin raising capital. The startup owner registered the company and bid for some major projects he successfully acquired.

To meet the financial requirements for the project, he issued bonds in the financial market under the name of his company. The investors knew James, given how he performed at his dad’s office. Thus, they bought the bonds that assured the repayment, including the interest within the decided period. As soon as James accomplished the project, he repaid all the bondholders immediately.

Example #2

Multiple factors affect the financial market, which directly or indirectly influences the prices of the securities available in the market. Recently, the S&P 500 was down by 11%, while the NASDAQ witnessed a downfall of 19% in 2020. The reason behind such turmoil in some of the most valuable stocks was the rampant inflation, increasing interest rates, the new COVID-19 wave that led to the latest lockdowns in China, and the Russia-Ukraine issue.

Advantages & Disadvantages

Financial markets let traders raise funds to grow businesses using long-term and short-term schemes. They do not restrict investors so far as the choice of the type of securities or assets is concerned. Instead, they offer various assets for traders to buy/sell or invest in. Hence, one can choose stocks, bonds, derivatives, currencies, cryptocurrenciesCryptocurrenciesCryptocurrency refers to a technology that acts as a medium for facilitating the conduct of different financial transactions which are safe and secure. It is one of the tradable digital forms of money, allowing the person to send or receive the money from the other party without any help of the third party service.read more, etc., to trade in.

The authorities, however, have set some rules and regulations to follow to ensure investors crack the deals. Though the protocols to obey are too many for interested traders to follow, they simultaneously make the process reliable for individuals and entities participating in the trading process.